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Style form glossary

Formal upright 1

Black pine, chokkan: eleven years to a straight trunk

Informal upright 1

Trident maple, moyogi: the first structural wiring

Slanting 1

Crabapple, shakan: getting fruit to hold past November

Cascade 1

Trident maple in full cascade: growing against gravity

Semi-cascade 1

Semi-cascade Chinese elm: the angle that decides the style

Literati 1

Itoigawa juniper, bunjin: carving shari without losing the tree

Windswept 1

Windswept black pine: training a tree to lean into one wind

Double trunk 1

Double-trunk larch: making two trunks read as one tree

Clump 1

Clump-style Japanese maple: five trunks from one root

Exposed root 1

Dwarf pomegranate, neagari: exposing roots 8 mm at a time

Root over rock 1

Scots pine on rock: twelve years for roots to take hold

Forest planting 1

Zelkova forest planting: spacing five trunks on a 42 cm slab

根上りStyle form

Exposed root根上り

Definition

The root mass is lifted above the soil line and forms the lower third of the design rather than being hidden.

Tree records in this style form

Dwarf pomegranate, neagari: exposing roots 8 mm at a time Dwarf pomegranate (Punica granatum var. nana) · 3 Oct 2026

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